This is Part One of our Fundstrat Academy piece on Technical Analysis.

Technical Analysis of Markets and Securities

Introduction

Technical analysis is a method of evaluating securities, commodities, Treasuries, FX, cryptocurrencies, and other assets which focuses specifically on historical price movement, volume and time to forecast future price action as opposed to utilizing fundamental or economic data. One can utilize sentiment, seasonality, cycles, volume, and price action in an attempt to study trend analysis, and potential for trend continuation and/or trend reversals using this data, with no focus on the fundamentals of the underlying issuer

Technical analysis is a method of evaluating securities, commodities, Treasuries, FX, cryptocurrencies and other assets, and forecasting their future price movements by analyzing historical price and volume data. Unlike fundamental analysis, which analyzes a company’s financial health and the intrinsic value of the business to understand its prospects, technical analysis is primarily concerned with price patterns, market trends, cycles, and seasonality.

The what (price action) is more important than the why (earnings, news, etc). This approach assumes that all known information is already reflected in the stock price, making past trading activity and price changes the most reliable indicators for predicting future movements.

Technical analysts use various tools and techniques to identify patterns and trends in price charts in order to arrive at informed trading recommendations. This three-part primer will cover three fundamental aspects of technical analysis: Trend Lines, Moving Averages, and Momentum and Volume.

Part I: Trend Lines

What are trend lines?

Trend lines are one of the most basic and commonly used tools in technical analysis. They are straight lines drawn on a price chart that connect significant price points, such as highs or lows, to represent the prevailing direction of the market. Trend lines can help traders identify the direction and strength of a trend, providing insights into potential support and resistance levels.

Types of trend lines

1. Uptrend lines: An uptrend line is drawn by connecting a series of ascending lows. This line acts as a support level, indicating that demand (buying pressure) is greater than supply (selling pressure) at progressively higher prices
2. Downtrend lines: A downtrend line is drawn by connecting a series of descending highs. This line acts as a resistance level, suggesting that supply exceeds demand at progressively lower prices
3. Horizontal trend lines: These lines are drawn to mark significant price levels where the market has repeatedly reversed direction. Horizontal trend lines can function as both support and resistance, depending on whether the price is approaching from above or below
4. Both arithmetic and logarithmic trendlines are used, and it is the scale difference that makes both of them worthwhile.
5. A logarithmic line or semi-logarithmic line chart features a logarithmic scale on the y axis and an arithmetic scale on the x axis. The vertical distance between points (or amounts) in arithmetic charts is constant at all price levels, while the vertical separation in logarithmic charts varies depending on the percentage change between points (or amounts).

^{Arithmetic chart}

^{Logarithmic chart}

Drawing and using trend lines

To draw a trend line, technical analysts:

• Identify at least two significant points (highs or lows) on the chart
• Draw a straight line connecting these points
• Extend the line into the future to see how it interacts with subsequent price movements
• The most important rule when using trend lines and drawing uptrends is to connect the low to the low that precedes the highest high on a chart, no matter the time frame.

Trend lines are used to:

• Confirm trends: If the price respects the trend line by bouncing off it multiple times, the trend is considered strong and likely to continue.
• Identify breakouts: When the price breaks through a trend line, it can signal a potential reversal or acceleration of the trend.
• Visualize entries and exits: Traders can use trend lines to identify optimal entry and exit points. For example, buying near an uptrend line or selling near a downtrend line.

Limitations of trend lines

While trend lines are valuable tools, they are not infallible. False breakouts, where the price temporarily breaches the trend line but then reverses direction, can occur. It is also important to keep in mind that trend lines are subjective; different analysts might draw them differently based on their interpretation of significant points.

The chart of Microsoft (MSFT) above shows an uptrend line that has been touched four times. After the third touch in Nov-99, the trend line was considered a valid support line.

Look for our exploration of Moving Averages in Part 2 of the FSI Academy series on Technical Analysis.